Monday, December 28, 2009
Baghdad city was founded on the west bank of the Tigris at a time between 762 and 767 by the Abbasid kekholifahan led by Caliph al-Mansyur. The city was probably built in the former a Persian village. The city is replaced Ctesiphon, capital of the Persian Empire and Damascus as the capital of a Muslim empire that includes the region from North Africa to Persia. The origin of the name is not known for sure: one can believe it comes from Persian to "a gift from God" ( "bag" (God) and "dad" (gift)), while others believe that it comes from an Aramaic phrase that means "manger." A circular wall was built around this city that Baghdad known as the "Round City".
3 surrounded by fortress walls, the city was divided into 4 equal parts, with 4 main road from the caliph's palace toward the grand mosque and continue to spread throughout Iraq. Covering approximately 2 miles on the eastern edge of the square gate of al-Mu'azzam in the north and the square-Shorqui ash in the south, in modern times the ancient city of Baghdad was still recognizable in the Abbasid palace of the late 12th century or 13, in full basaar-basaar copper and gold, as well as in mosques and public baths, built 4 centuries of Ottoman empire rule (1535-1918).
Circular form, of course Baghdad is proof that he modeled than Persian cities like Firouzabad in Persia. In fact now known that the two designers are hired al-Mansyur to plan the city is Nowbakht, a former Persian Zoroastrian, and Mashallah, a former Jew from Khorasan, Iran.
Early development
Within a generation since its founding, Baghdad has become a center of education and commerce. Some sources estimate he has had more than a million inhabitants, although others claimed that the actual figure could be only part of that amount. Most of the population comes from all over Iran, especially from Khorasan. Many of the stories in the Thousand and One Nights is located in Baghdad in this period-the so-called "Madinat as-Salam" ( "City of Peace") by Shahrazad, and recounts the most respected leaders, the fifth caliph, Harun al-Rashid. The story of the Arabian Nights, including the famous Sindbad story, symbolizing the cultural greatness of Baghdad during the golden ages as leaders of Arab and Islamic world are recognized.
In the 8th century and 9th, Baghdad was regarded as the richest city in the world. The merchants of China, India, and East Africa met here, exchange cultural objects and toss Baghdad became the intellectual renaissance. Hospital and an observatory was built; of poets and artists fostered; great works of Greek and translated into Arabic.
Baghdad is one of the largest cities and most cosmopolitan in the world and became home to Muslims, Christians, Jews and pagans from all over the Middle East and Central Asia.
Authorities in the early days
Baghdad's population is on the number around 300,000 and 500,000 in the 9th century. Baghdad growth has slowed in the early result of problems in Kekholifahan, including the transfer of the capital to Samarra (between 808-819 and 836-892), the loss of western provinces and the east, and the political domination by the Iranian Buwayhid (945-1055 ) and Seljuk Turks (1055-1135). Crop damage and internal strife made him collapse. Even so, this city remains one rather than cultural and commercial center of the Islamic world until February 10, 1258 when he destroyed the Mongols under Hulagu Khan. The Mongol tribe killed 800,000 city residents, including the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim, and destroy most of the city. Canals and dykes forming the city irrigation system were also destroyed. The struggle for Baghdad ended the Abbasid era Kekholifahan, a blow that never recovered the Arab civilization.
Baghdad was led by Il-Khanidd, Mongol ruler of the Iranian nation. In 1401, Baghdad was again destroyed by the Mongols under Timur ( "Tamerlane"). He became the provincial capital, led Jalayirid dynasties (1400-1411), Qara Quyunlu (1411-1469), Aq Quyunlu (1469-1508), and Safavid (1508-1534). In 1534, Baghdad was seized by the Ottoman Turks. Under their rule, Baghdad experienced bleak times, including because of a dispute between the Persian rulers. For a time, Baghdad was the largest city in the Middle East before his position was taken over Constantinople in the 16th century.
Independence
Baghdad remained the Ottoman Empire ruled the kingdom until the formation of Iraq under British rule in 1921, later followed by formal independence in 1932 and full independence in 1946. European influence is also changing the face of the city. In 1920, Baghdad - which grew out of the closed locations covering 254 square miles (657 km ²) - became the new capital city of Iraq.
The city's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950. In the 1970s, Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of the sharp increase in oil prices, Iraq's main export. New infrastructure is built at the moment including modern sewage, water, and highways. But the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s was a difficult time for Baghdad because of the money used to finance the army and thousands of city residents died. Iran launched a missile attack against Baghdad, although the attacks caused only minor damage and few casualties alone.
from http://id.wikipedia.org